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Objective To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of Salmonella infection in foodborne diseases in Shanxi Province, and to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of Salmonella infection. Methods Automatic microbial biochemical identification system was used to identify Salmonella , and descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the characteristics of Salmonella infections in foodborne diseases in Shanxi Province from 2016 to 2021. Results The basic information of 10 037 cases of foodborne diseases and their Salmonella detection results were analyzed. The detection rate of Salmonella was 5.25%, and the main serotype was Salmonella enteritidis (209/522). The positive detection rate of Salmonella in the 0-10 years old age group was the highest (6.04%), and the difference was statistically significant (χ2= 19.23, P = 0.01). The positive detection rate of Salmonella in kindergarteners was the highest at 10.71%, and there was a significant difference in the positive detection rate among different occupations (χ2= 43.31, P 2= 4.43, P = 0.04). Cases involving food stores had a higher Salmonella detection rate (9.54%), and the peak period of Salmonella infection was from May 24 to August 23. Conclusion The incidence of Salmonella infection in foodborne diseases is high in summer and autumn. Foods in food stores and bulk foods are more likely to cause Salmonella infection. Supervision and management of food stores should be strengthened, and special attention should be paid to children in kindergartens during the epidemic peak.
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Objective:To investigate the correlation between atmospheric particulate matter 2.5 (PM 2.5) concentration and the number of chronic kidney disease (CKD) hospital admissions in the elderly in Taiyuan city. Methods:The atmospheric PM 2.5 concentration in Taiyuan city during 2019—2021 was used as the environmental exposure data, and the number of CKD admission of the elderly patients (> 60 years old) in Taiyuan city at the same time was used as the disease progression index. The distributed lag nonlinear model was used to analyze overall and lag effects of PM 2.5 average daily concentration on the elderly patients admitted to CKD. Results:A total of 6 037 cases elderly patients with CKD admitted to hospital were included, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.36∶1. The average daily concentration of PM 2.5 was 52.80 μg/m 3, which did not exceed China's air quality standard (75 μg/m3); But in autumn and winter, the average daily concentration of PM 2.5 significantly exceeded the normal reference value, with the highest value reaching 302 μg/m 3. The relationship between the average daily concentration of PM 2.5 and the number of elderly patients admitted to CKD was nonlinear and there was a lag effect. The relative risk ( RR) value reached the maximum when PM 2.5 average daily concentration was 87 μg/m 3 with lag time of 11 days [1.074(95% CI 1.018-1.321)]. The subgroup analysis results showed that the risk of admission of elderly female CKD patients was higher than that of male patients with lag time of 10 days, and the RR was 1.073(95% CI 1.001-1.151). Elderly CKD patients with hypertension (PM 2.5 87 μg/m 3) and diabetes (PM 2.5 88 μg/m 3) had a higher risk of admission when exposed to PM 2.5, with maximum RR values of 1.067(95% CI 1.002-1.136) and 1.162(95% CI 1.021-1.320), respectively. Conclusions:High atmospheric PM 2.5 concentration in Taiyuan city can increase the risk of admission in elderly patients with CKD, especially in women and patients with hypertension or diabetes.
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Background Environmental pollutants can affect N6-methyladenosine (m6A) level in the body, but the change of m6A level in kidney after being exposed to cadmium (Cd) and the molecular mechanism of renal injury need to be further studied. Objective To analyze the associations of m6A modification and methyltransferases/demethylases with microRNA-21 (miR-21) and transforming growth factor- β1 (TGF - β1) in kidney of rats exposed to Cd. Methods Twenty-four SPF male SD rats were divided into 4 groups, with 6 rats in each group, and were exposed to Cd by subcutaneous injection of 2.0, 1.0, and 0.5 mg·kg−1 cadmium chloride (CdCl2) and equal volume of normal saline for 2 weeks, 7 d a week, respectively. The levels of N-acetyl-β-D-glucosidase (UNAG) and albumin (UALB) in urine, and the levels of m6A methylation and TGF-β1 in kidney were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The level of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) was measured by urease method. The levels of renal oxidative stress indicators such as malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were detected by total bile acid method, water-soluble tetrazolium asssay, and colorimetric method respectively. The relative levels of TGF-β1, methyltransferases, and demethylases in kidney were measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The expression of miR-21 in kidney was detected by fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results After 2 weeks of exposure to Cd, the body weights of rats in the 2.0 and 1.0 mg·kg−1 cadmium chloride groups decreased, and the ratio of kidney/body weight and the levels of BUN, UNAG, and TGF-β1 mRNA and protein increased in the 2.0 mg·kg−1 cadmium chloride group (P<0.05). The expression levels of m6A modification, methyltransferases METTL3, METTL14, Wilms’ tumor 1-associated protein (WTAP), and miR-21 were increased both in the 2.0 and 1.0 mg·kg−1 cadmium chloride groups, with significant differences compared with the control group (P<0.05). The results of correlation analysis showed that the m6A modification level was negatively correlated with SOD (r=−0.4489, P<0.05) and GSH-Px (r=−0.4874, P<0.05), METTL3 was negatively correlated with MDA (r=−0.5158, P<0.05), while there was a positive correlation between FTO and GSH-Px (r=0.4802, P<0.05). In addition, miR-21 was positively correlated with METTL3 (r=0.7491), METTL14 (r=0.6157), and WTAP (r=0.6660) (P<0.05), TGF-β1 was positively correlated with METTL3 (r=0.5025, P<0.05) but negatively correlated with FTO (r=−0.5634, P<0.05) . Conclusion Cd can induce m6A methylation and up-regulation of METTL3, METTL14, WTAP, and miR-21 expression levels in rat kidney tissues, indicating that m6A and miR-21 may be associated with Cd-induced renal fibrosis.
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Background Individual lead or cadmium exposure can cause abnormal blood glucose level and changes in telomere length, and the role of telomere length in the relationship between heavy metal joint exposure and blood glucose level is still unclear. Objective To explore the role of telomere length in the relationship between lead and cadmium coexposure and blood glucose. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted. By convenient sampling method, 600 residents living in two communities in a city in North China were selected as participants from April to June 2016. Face-to-face interviews were performed to collect general demographics and lifestyles of the participants. The peripheral blood samples of the participants were collected for blood glucose and telomere length detection, the urine samples were collected for urinary cadmium, urinary lead, and urinary creatinine measurement, and both urinary cadmium and urinary lead were corrected by urinary creatinine. The included participants were divided into a control group, a high-cadmium and low-lead group, a high-lead and low-cadmium group, and a high-lead and high-cadmium group, according to the median levels of urinary cadmium and urinary lead. A restricted cubic spline model was constructed to analyze the relationship between urinary lead/cadmium levels and blood glucose concentrations in the four groups and the relationship between cadmium exposure and telomere length in the high-lead and high-cadmium group. Intermediary model test was conducted to analyze the effect of telomere length on the relationship between exposures to lead and cadmium and blood glucose. Results The included participants were divided into the control group (n=99), the high-cadmium and low-lead group (n=91), the high-lead and low-cadmium group (n=145), and the high-lead and high-cadmium group (n=265). The differences in age, education level, per capita monthly household income, smoking, blood glucose, and telomere length were statistically significant among the four groups (P＜0.05). The high-lead and high-cadmium group had the highest blood glucose concentration, (5.63±1.68) mmol·L−1, and the shortest telomere length, (2.63±1.05) Kb. The restricted cubic spline results showed that urinary cadmium level was correlated with blood glucose concentration in the high-lead and high-cadmium group (F=3.45, P=0.037), and there was a non-linear association (F=6.91, P=0.002); the association between urinary cadmium level and telomere length was also non-linear (F=5.93, P=0.043). The intermediary model test results showed that telomere length was a mediating variable between urinary cadmium level and blood glucose concentration, and the mediating effect size was 0.0192 (95%CI: 0.0007-0.0563), with a mediation ratio of 15.57%. Conclusion Correlations between urinary cadmium and blood glucose and between urinary cadmium and telomere length were observed in the high-lead and high-cadmium coexposure group, and telomere length may play a mediating role in the relationship between them.
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Background Exposure to environmental lead can cause kidney damage and telomere wear. However, the relationship among lead, peripheral blood telomere length, and glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) are unclear. Objective This study is conducted to investigate the relationships of urinary lead level with peripheral blood telomere length and renal function index eGFR, and further explore whether peripheral blood telomere length plays an intermediary role in the relationship between urinary lead level and eGFR. Methods A case-control study was conducted to select 497 residents from two communities in a city, including 230 in the control group (eGFR≥80 mL·min−1) and 267 in the abnormal eGFR group (eGFR<80 mL·min−1). Basic information and health information of the subjects were collected through a face-to-face questionnaire survey. Fasting morning urine was collected, and urinary lead and urinary creatinine (UCr) were detected. Fasting peripheral venous blood was collected to detect telomere length and serum creatinine (SCr) in peripheral blood leukocytes. eGFR was estimated by the Levey formula. After further adjusting for age, gender, education level, family per capita monthly income, smoking, and drinking the relationship among urinary lead level, peripheral blood telomere length, and renal function index eGFR was evaluated by mediating effect analysis. Results The overall level of creatinine-adjusted urinary lead [M (P25, P75)] in the abnormal eGFR group was 3.85 (1.56, 7.34) μg·g−1 which was higher than that in the control group, 1.57 (0.60, 3.62) μg·g−1(P<0.001). In addition, the overall level of peripheral blood telomere length in the abnormal eGFR group was 2.42 (1.89, 3.10) Kb, lower than that in the control group, 2.69 (2.09, 3.64) Kb (P<0.001). The results of mediating effect analysis showed that the magnitude of mediating effect by peripheral blood telomere length was −0.276 (95%CI: −0.708-−0.001) and it contributed 3.35% to the relationship between urinary lead level and eGFR. In women, the magnitude of mediating effect by peripheral blood telomere length was −0.484 (95%CI: −1.160-−0.023) between urinary lead level and eGFR, and the proportion of the mediating effect was 5.34%. In men, no mediating role of peripheral blood telomere length was found between urinary lead and eGFR. Conclusion Urinary lead level is closely related to renal function index eGFR and telomere length in peripheral blood. Peripheral blood telomere length plays a mediating role in the relationship between female urinary lead and eGFR in women.
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Objective:To explore the modulatory effects of GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling pathway on anxiety- and depression-like behavior of mice induced by chronic sleep deprivation (CSD).Methods:Forty-eight 10-week-old C57BL/6J male mice were selected and randomly divided into four groups(with 12 mice in each group): control group, inhibitor-only group (LiCl), chronic sleep deprivation group (CSD) and inhibitor with CSD group (LiCl+ CSD). Elevated plus maze (EPM) and forced swimming test (FST) were used to evaluate the behavior of mice, HE staining was used to observe the pathological morphological changes of hippocampal neurons, and Western blot was used to detect the protein expressions of β-catenin, GSK-3β and p-GSK-3β in hippocampal tissues. SPSS 22.0 software was used for independent sample t-test and one way ANOVA. Results:After modeling, the body weight of mice in the CSD group ((26.53±0.76)g) was significantly lower than that of the control group ((28.00±0.37)g) ( q=4.119, P=0.041), and the body weight in the LiCl+ CSD group ((28.04±0.86)g) was improved compared with CSD group ( q=4.240, P=0.036). In EPM, the ratio of the entering times and the proportion of the staying time in the open arm in the CSD group ((48.44±9.16)%) and ((16.47±10.42)%) were significantly lower than those in the control group ((68.92±11.71)% and (42.93±15.89)%) ( q=4.660, P=0.018, q=4.346, P=0.029), but the staying time in the open arm in the LiCl+ CSD group ((32.92±12.05)%) was significantly higher than that in the CSD group ( q=2.432, P=0.038). In FST, the percentage of floating immobility time of the mice in the CSD group ((55.00±5.36)%) was significantly longer than that of the control group ((39.95±2.87)%) ( P=0.023), which was decreased significantly in the LiCl+ CSD group ((42.00±7.92)%) than that in the CSD group ( P=0.040). Western blot results showed that, the expressions of p-GSK-3β and β-catenin in the hippocampus of CSD group were decreased significantly ( P=0.040, P=0.008), while the expression of GSK-3β was significantly increased than that of the control group ( P<0.001). Both p-GSK-3β and β-catenin were significantly reversed in CSD+ LiCl group than that in CSD ( P=0.034, P=0.038). Conclusion:The GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling pathway may be involved in the regulation of CSD-induced anxiety and depression-like behaviors in mice.
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Objective To explore the relationship between environmental factors as urinary cadmium and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) in adults.Methods Case-control study was adopted,including 166 cases and 427 controls.General characteristics of the subjects were collected by a structured questionnaire.FPG,biochemical indexes and urinary cadmium (UCd) were detected respectively,while UCd was corrected with creatinine.Unconditioned logistic regression model was applied to analyze the relationship between UCd and DM.Results Levels of UCd appeared higher in cases with the following characteristics as:having primary school education (P=0.016),being female (P=0.013),being non-smokers (P=0.014) or non-alcoholic (P=0.025),and with BMI＞25.00 kg/m2 (P=0.040,P=0.025) than those appeared in the control group.Same results were shown in the 60-69 years (P=0.024) old group.Data from the unconditional logistic regression analysis showed that family history of DM (OR=3.19,95％ CI:1.45-7.03),education status (OR=1.50,95％CI:1.08-2.08) and UCd (OR=1.61,95％CI:1.08-2.41) were influencing factors on DM.Conclusion A close association between UCd and DM was noticed.UCd appeared a risk factor on DM that called for setting up related prevention program to reduce the exposure of Cd and to control the risk on DM.
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Objective To explore the relationship between environmental factors as urinary cadmium and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) in adults.Methods Case-control study was adopted,including 166 cases and 427 controls.General characteristics of the subjects were collected by a structured questionnaire.FPG,biochemical indexes and urinary cadmium (UCd) were detected respectively,while UCd was corrected with creatinine.Unconditioned logistic regression model was applied to analyze the relationship between UCd and DM.Results Levels of UCd appeared higher in cases with the following characteristics as:having primary school education (P=0.016),being female (P=0.013),being non-smokers (P=0.014) or non-alcoholic (P=0.025),and with BMI＞25.00 kg/m2 (P=0.040,P=0.025) than those appeared in the control group.Same results were shown in the 60-69 years (P=0.024) old group.Data from the unconditional logistic regression analysis showed that family history of DM (OR=3.19,95％ CI:1.45-7.03),education status (OR=1.50,95％CI:1.08-2.08) and UCd (OR=1.61,95％CI:1.08-2.41) were influencing factors on DM.Conclusion A close association between UCd and DM was noticed.UCd appeared a risk factor on DM that called for setting up related prevention program to reduce the exposure of Cd and to control the risk on DM.
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Objective To investigate the effects of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number in peripheral blood and related factors on the risk of hypertension in coal miners.Methods A case-control study was conducted in 378 coal miners with hypertension and 325 healthy coal miners recruited from Datong Coal Mine Group.A standard questionnaire was used to collect their general information,such as demographic characteristics,habits and occupational history.Fluorescence quantitative PCR was performed to detect the copy number of mtDNA.Logistic regression model was applied for identifying the related risk factors of hypertension and analyzing the interaction between mtDNA copy number and risk factors.Results The prevalence of hypertension of high mtDNA copy number was lower than mtDNA copy numberin 0-5.67 group,but the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.414).Alcohol drinking (OR=1.80,95％CI:1.26-2.56),family history of hypertension (OR=1.74,95％ CI:1.20-2.50),work shifts (OR=0.69,95％ CI:0.48-0.99),education level (P=0.012) and family monthly income level (P=0.001) were related to the prevalence of hypertension.There were potential interactions between mtDNA copy number and alcohol drinking,family monthly income level,family history of hypertension,respectively.Alcohol drinking was a risk factor for hypertension [1.77(1.25-2.50)].Potential interactions between mtDNA copy number and alcohol drinking reduced the risk of hypertension (OR=1.20,95％CI:1.07-1.35).Family history of hypertension was a risk factor for hypertension [1.81(1.26-2.59)].Potential interactions between mtDNA copy number and family history of hypertension reduced the risk of hypertension (OR=1.24,95％ CI:1.09-1.41).Family monthly income level was a protect factor for hypertension [0.55(0.46-0.66)].Potential interactions between mtDNA copy number and family monthly income level increased the protection role of hypertension (OR=0.90,95％CI:0.86-0.94).Conclusion mtDNA copy number variation was not significantly associated with the prevalence of hypertension in coal miners,but mtDNA copy number shewed multiplication interaction on the prevalence of hypertension with alcohol drinking,family monthly income level as well as family history of hypertension and made their influences weaken.
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Objective To understand the situation of college students' awareness about innovative credit, analyze the influencing factors, in order to provide a scientific basis for constructing innovation credits and promoting the double strategy. Method The undergraduates of a medical university who were still at school in April 2015 were selected, and by using a stratified cluster sampling method, 450 students were chosen to be conducted by self-administered questionnaire survey to understand the cognitive status of in-novation of credit system in college students. Chi square test was used to compare the passing rates of students in different demographic characteristics, and the relationship between scores was analyzed by linear regression analysis. Result A total of 439 valid questionnaires were collected , and the total scores of innovative knowledge, attitudes and behaviors of 439 undergraduates were 15.95％ (70/439), 36.44％ (160/439) and 32.80％(144/439) respectively. In the part of knowledge innovation credits, girls' passing rate was higher than boys ( χ2=4.010,P=0.045. In the part of attitude, high grade group students had more positive attitude than the low grade group of students ( χ2=6.227,P=0.0013). In the part of behavior; higher grade students with innovative credits had higher pass rates than those in lower grades (chi, 2=7.781, P=0.005), and boys had a higher rate of passing than girls ( χ2=6.658,P=0.010). The total score of knowledge was positively linear with the total score of attitude and behavior. Conclusion College Students' awareness of innovation credit rate is low, but the innovative attitude and behavior is positive. The higher the awareness rate is conducive to the cultivation of attitude and behavior, so it is necessary in medical colleges to carry out innovation of credit and promote the cultivation of innovative consciousness.
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Objective To investigate the effects of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number in peripheral blood and related factors on the risk of hypertension in coal miners.Methods A case-control study was conducted in 378 coal miners with hypertension and 325 healthy coal miners recruited from Datong Coal Mine Group.A standard questionnaire was used to collect their general information,such as demographic characteristics,habits and occupational history.Fluorescence quantitative PCR was performed to detect the copy number of mtDNA.Logistic regression model was applied for identifying the related risk factors of hypertension and analyzing the interaction between mtDNA copy number and risk factors.Results The prevalence of hypertension of high mtDNA copy number was lower than mtDNA copy numberin 0-5.67 group,but the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.414).Alcohol drinking (OR=1.80,95％CI:1.26-2.56),family history of hypertension (OR=1.74,95％ CI:1.20-2.50),work shifts (OR=0.69,95％ CI:0.48-0.99),education level (P=0.012) and family monthly income level (P=0.001) were related to the prevalence of hypertension.There were potential interactions between mtDNA copy number and alcohol drinking,family monthly income level,family history of hypertension,respectively.Alcohol drinking was a risk factor for hypertension [1.77(1.25-2.50)].Potential interactions between mtDNA copy number and alcohol drinking reduced the risk of hypertension (OR=1.20,95％CI:1.07-1.35).Family history of hypertension was a risk factor for hypertension [1.81(1.26-2.59)].Potential interactions between mtDNA copy number and family history of hypertension reduced the risk of hypertension (OR=1.24,95％ CI:1.09-1.41).Family monthly income level was a protect factor for hypertension [0.55(0.46-0.66)].Potential interactions between mtDNA copy number and family monthly income level increased the protection role of hypertension (OR=0.90,95％CI:0.86-0.94).Conclusion mtDNA copy number variation was not significantly associated with the prevalence of hypertension in coal miners,but mtDNA copy number shewed multiplication interaction on the prevalence of hypertension with alcohol drinking,family monthly income level as well as family history of hypertension and made their influences weaken.